Children Learn to Walk

(http://www.babycentre.co.uk/baby/development/walking/)

Learning to walk is one of the most important achievements in your baby's life, as it's big a step towards independence.
As he moves from standing, to tottering around unaided, to running, skipping and jumping confidently, he'll be leaving babyhood behind.

WHEN WILL MY BABY BE ABLE TO WALK?

Over the course of your baby's first year he will gradually gain coordination and muscle strength, and learn to sit, roll over, and crawl. Your baby will then probably move on to pulling himself up. He may be able to stand holding on to something when he's between six and 10 months.

From then on it's a matter of gaining confidence and balance. Most babies take their first steps by their first birthday. By the time they're 15 months old most toddlers are walking unaided, though often with uneven steps.

Try not to worry if your baby takes a little longer. Some children don't walk until they are 17 or 18 months old. Babies who bottom-shuffle tend to walk later than babies who crawl.

HOW WILL MY BABY LEARN TO WALK?

Newborn to two months

From birth, your baby has the reflex to brace his legs against a surface he feels under his feet. If you hold your newborn upright on your lap, supporting his head, you'll feel him trying to use his legs. He's not trying to walk, it's just his instincts kicking in. His legs aren't nearly strong enough for him to even stand. This reflex will disappear after a couple of months.

Five months to 10 months

By the time your baby is about five months old, if you let him balance his feet on your thighs, he'll bounce up and down. Bouncing will be a favourite activity over the next couple of months.

Many babies love jumping up and down in their door bouncer. If you have a door bouncer limit the time your baby spends in it to three 15-minute sessions a day, at the most.

As your baby learns to roll over, sit and crawl his muscles will continue to strengthen. Between eight and 10 months he will probably start trying to pull himself up to stand while holding onto furniture. If you prop him up next to the sofa, he'll hang on for dear life.

As your baby gets better at standing over the next few weeks, he'll start to cruise (moving around upright while holding onto furniture). He may then feel confident enough to let go of any support and stand unaided. Once your baby is ready to let go of the furniture, he may be able to take steps when you hold his hands. Your baby may even stoop to pick up a toy when standing.

Nine months to one year

At nine or 10 months your baby will begin to work out how to bend his knees and learn to sit after standing. This is harder than you might think!

By 11 months your baby will probably be able to stand without support, stoop, and squat. By 12 months he may walk while gripping your hand, though he may not take his first steps alone for a little while longer. Most babies make those early strides on tiptoe with their feet turned outward.

At 13 months, your baby may be walking on his own, but probably a bit unsteadily. If your baby still hasn't stopped cruising, it just means walking on his own is going to take a little longer. Some children don't walk until they are 17 or 18 months old.

HOW CAN I HELP MY BABY TO WALK?

As your baby learns to stand, he may need some help working out how to get back down again. If he gets stuck and cries for you, don't just pick him up and plop him down. Instead, show him how to bend his knees so he can sit down without toppling over, and let him give it a try himself.

You can encourage your baby to walk by standing or kneeling in front of him, holding both his hands as you help him walk towards you.

You could also buy him a toddle truck or a similar toy that he can hold onto and push. Look for toddle toys that are stable and have a wide base of support. Baby walkers can cause accidents (by tipping over) so it's best not to use them.

As your baby learns to walk it's a good idea to keep his feet as free as possible. If cramped by tight shoes or socks your baby's feet can't straighten out and grow properly.

You can delay buying shoes until your baby is walking around outside or on rough or cold surfaces. Going barefoot helps him improve his balance and coordination.

When you do buy shoes for your baby, try to get his feet measured by a qualified fitter. A fitter will check the fit and ensure there is room for growth.

Make sure your baby has a safe environment in which to practise walking. Keeping the floor space clear will help him to walk around easily. Childproof your home and never leave your baby alone, in case he falls or needs your help.

MY BABY IS 15 MONTHS. SHOULD I BE CONCERNED THAT HE ISN'T WALKING YET?

As long as your baby is bearing weight on his legs and shows an interest in learning new things, you don't have to be concerned. If your baby took a little longer than other babies learning to crawl, chances are he'll need a few more months for walking as well. Babies develop skills differently, some more quickly than others.

If your baby seems to be lagging behind a lot and isn't walking by 18 months, talk to your doctor or health visitor. Remember that if your baby started to move around by bottom shuffling before he learned crawl, then he may walk later.we can use baby toys walk learner.

Stages of Child Development Festschrift

Previous work has demonstrated that infants use object trajectory continuity as a cue to the constant identity of an object, but results are equivocal regarding the role of object features, with some work suggesting that a change in the appearance of an object does not cue a change in identity.  In an experiment involving 72 participants we investigated the effects of changing object shape and color, singly and in combination, on 4-month-olds’ perception of object continuity. A change in the shape of an object while it passed behind an occluder had no effect on perception of continuity, whereas a change in shape and color led to perception of discontinuity, and a change in color led to no clear percept regarding continuity or discontinuity.  These results are discussed in terms of a perceptual learning model of development of object identity. (Bremner, J. G., Slater, A. M., Mason, U. C., Spring, J., & Johnson, S. P.  (in press).  Trajectory perception and object continuity:  Effects of shape and color change on 4-month-olds’ perception of trajectory identity.  Developmental)

We investigated oculomotor anticipations in 4-month-old infants as they viewed center-occluded object trajectories. In two experiments, we examined performance in 2D and 3D dynamic occlusion displays, and in an additional 3D condition with a smiley face as the moving target stimulus. Rates of anticipatory eye movements were not facilitated by 3D displays or by the (presumably) more salient smiley face relative to the 2D condition. However, latencies of anticipations were reduced, implying that 3D visual information may have supported formation of more robust mental representations of the moving object. Results are interpreted in a context of perceptual constraints on developing cognitive capacities in early infancy. (Johnson, S. P., Bremner, J. G., Slater, A. M., Shuwairi, S. M., Mason, U., Spring, J., & Usherwood, B. (2012). Young infants' perception of the trajectories of two- and three-dimensional objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113, 117-185.)

Learning Musical

Can listening to music benefit my child?

Definitely. Think about how music affects you — how an upbeat tune fends off the blues and soft music helps you fall asleep. Your baby is no different. Lullabies have a proven track record for soothing infants — ask any parent who has resorted to singing them when the baby wakes up at 2 o'clock in the morning. "I remember rocking my son to sleep to the tune of 'Snuggle Up,' " says Rich Ham-Kucharski of Canton, Michigan, father of Alex. "When we didn't play music, he would fight sleep."

Let's Play: Weekly Baby Activities

Find two perfect, development-boosting activities for every week of your baby's first year.

Music may even help strengthen premature babies. Researchers from Brigham Young University studied the effects of music on 33 premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit at Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo. Cassette players piped voices of men and women singing lullabies into each baby's isolette for 40 minutes a day for four days. When doctors examined the babies on the fourth day, they found that babies who were exposed to music gained more weight, and had lower blood pressure and a stronger heartbeat.

Music can benefit you, too. It has the power to lift your spirits, soothe your frayed nerves, and move you to dance. And music helps with bonding. Imagine the joy you'll share with your child when you sway to the beat of a lovely melody (try Stevie Wonder's "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"). Or how soothing it will be for you and your baby when you sing him a lilting lullaby ("Hush Little Baby" is always a winner).

Can music make my baby smarter?

The jury's still out on this question because not much research is available. Some experts claim that learning to play an instrument makes kids smarter in math, but that conclusion is based on research that focused on older children, not babies and young toddlers. For instance, one study found that piano lessons may enhance children's spatial reasoning skills (the ability to understand three-dimensional space), but experts tested only 3- and 4-year-olds.

New Ways to Improve Children's Intelligence

Children's intelligence is formed of inheritance of genetic factors, environmental influences, and methods to improve it. Most were never discussed during this third factor is the method of increasing intelligence by design. The most well known of course is through the school, while the other methods using the game means.

If all this reading widely accepted as a more effective way to improve intelligence, in fact this assumption is mistaken. Watching television - especially films - more successful in raise the intelligence of children. By watching the movie, which is active not only in vision and brain as when reading a book, but also senses the ear. At the movies, the child will train the coordination of multi-tasking between sensory eyes, ears and brain as well. The earlier the child is familiar with the film, the more intelligent the child.It applies also to learn the language, such as English or Mandarin. If you can text Indonesian Language in the movies do not need to be seen so that more children getting ear to catch the words in a foreign language.Therefore, the campaign watching foreign films should be more vigorous campaign than reading a book. Reuters Group also need to change the activity center that was producing books, newspapers, magazines and tabloids and add to produce local films and distributing foreign films. Thus the mission of educating the child will more quickly achieve the target.The other method is by varying the child's social environment. Children should not only have the monotony of school and their families, but sometimes children need to be introduced to the different and changing environments. For example, children included music lessons or tutoring lessons with different participants from her school friends, and if you can quite often be changed tutoring or tutoring.By way of varying the environment, the child will be getting smarter adapt, catch up, read the situation faster and faster learning.The combination of reading books - see the movie - changing the social environment will increase the intelligence of children with a rate of at least 15% higher. In addition to improving intelligence, the child will also be more prudent.Factor combination of wit and wisdom that is rare at this time.

baby toys that can increase intelligence:(Edwin Dewayana)